Harvard University

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{{Infobox_University|name = Harvard University|image_name = Harvard shield-University.png|motto = (de facto): Veritas ("Truth")Appearing as it does on the coat of arms itself, veritas is not a motto in the usual heraldry sense. Properly speaking, rather, the motto is Christo et Ecclesiae ("for Christ and the church") which appears in impressions of the University's seal (device); but this legend is otherwise not used today.|established = September 8, 1636 (OS), September 18, 1636 (NS)An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28th, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which initially convened on Sept. 8th and was adjourned to Oct. 28th. Some sources consider October 28th, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. In 1936, Harvard's multi-day tercentenary celebration considered September 18 to be the 300-year anniversary of the founding. (The bicentennial was celebrated on September 8th, 1836, apparently ignoring the calendar change; and the tercentenary celebration began on opening a package sealed by Josiah Quincy at the bicentennial). Sources: meeting dates, , p. 586, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: : "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1636 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' voted by the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: , "Sept. 8, 1836 - Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on the 8th of September, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."]|calendar = Semester|endowment = United States dollar34.9 1000000000 (number) Harvard endowment posts solid positive return|president = Drew Gilpin Faust ]|state = Massachusetts|country = United States
|campus = urban area, 380 acres/154 hectare|athletics =National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Ivy league
41 varsity teams] |nickname = Crimson |website= harvard.edu|publictransit = [Harvard (MBTA station)-->

Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts Legislature,op. cit. Harvard is the Colonial colleges institution of higher learning in the United States, as well as the first and oldest corporation in the Americas."Higher education in America began with Harvard": {{cite book | last = Rudolph| first = Frederick| authorlink =| coauthors =| year = 1990| origyear = 1961| title = The American College and University| publisher = University of Georgia Press| location = Athens, Georgia| id = ISBN 0-8203-1284-3-->, p. 3. With regard to age, several institutions founded in the mid-1700s have a difference of opinion over relative position, but none today explicitly challenges Harvard's "oldest" position. One possible challenger is Georgetown University, whose founding date is debated. In the past the university has taken 1634 as the date of its foundation (two years before that of Harvard), this being the year that Jesuit education began on the site. It was not until 1789 however, the founding date currently recognized by the university, that the name Georgetown was taken for the institution. Another potential claimant, the College of William and Mary, describes itself, and is described by supporters, as "America's second-oldest college" and gives its year of "founding" as 1693. A page of their website says "The College of William & Mary... was the first college planned for the United States. Its roots go back to the College proposed at Henrico in 1619...." but proceeds to note that "The College is second only to Harvard University in actual operation.". See Henricus for the University of Henrico, and Colonial colleges for a summary of relevant institutional dates. Unqualified characterizations of Harvard as "oldest" abound. The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica article on Harvard University which opens with the line "HARVARD UNIVERSITY, the oldest of American educational institutions" (Volume 13, HAR-HUR, p. 38; also ). Baedeker's United States, in 1893 called Harvard "the oldest... of American seats of learning." Harvard's own choice of words is "Harvard University... is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.".

Initially referred to simply as "the new college", the institution was named Harvard College on March 13, 1639, after its first principal donor, a young clergyman named John Harvard (clergyman). A graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge in England, John Harvard bequeathed about four hundred books in his will to form the basis of the college library collection, along with half his personal wealth worth several hundred pounds. The earliest known official reference to Harvard as a "university" rather than a "college" occurred in the new Massachusetts Constitution of 1780.

In his 1869-1909 tenure as Harvard president, Charles William Eliot radically transformed Harvard into the pattern of the modern research university. Eliot's reforms included elective courses, small classes, and entrance examinations. Eliot saw to it that Harvard would attract the best minds from around the world, thus securing its place among the great world universities. The Harvard model influenced American education nationally, at both college and secondary levels. Eliot, it should be noted, was responsible for the now famous "Harvard Classics" originally known as "Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf." During his presidency at Harvard, Dr. Eliot was more well-known than then many of List of Presidents of the United States at the time.

In 1999, Radcliffe College, founded in 1894 as an outgrowth of the "Harvard Annex" for women, Sally Schwager, "Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe," in Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, ed. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 87-115. merged formally with Harvard University, becoming the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

Harvard's library collection contains more than 15 million volumes,See the FAQ on the Harvard-Google partnership. making it the largest academic library in the world, and the fourth among the five "mega-libraries" of the world (after the British Library, the Library of Congress, and the French Bibliothèque Nationale, but ahead of the New York Public Library "Speaking Volumes: Professor Sidney Verba Champions the University Library" Harvard Gazette. February 26, 1998. Accessed February 19. 2007.See the ranked list of U.S. libraries from the American Library Association.). Harvard has the List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment financial endowment of any non-profit organization, standing at $34.9 billion as of 2007.

Institutions

A faculty of about 2,400 professors serve as of school year 2006-2007, with 6,715 undergraduate and 12,424 graduate students. The school color is crimson, which is also the name of the Harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper, The Harvard Crimson. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's president (beginning a tradition), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.

The history of Harvard's color has been contested by Fordham University. Both schools were identifying with magenta and since neither were willing to use a new color, they agreed that the winner of a baseball game would be allowed official use of magenta. Fordham emerged the winner, but Harvard had reneged on its promise and continued using magenta. Fordham had adopted maroon because of this and claims that Harvard followed suit with its adoption of crimson.

Although the officially stated color is crimson, the color actually used on sport uniforms and other Harvard insignia is, in fact, very different from crimson. Rather than a bright crimson, it is of a duller, darker hue, resembling that of oxblood.

Prominent student organizations at Harvard include the aforementioned Crimson and its rival the Harvard Lampoon, a noted humor magazine; the the Harvard Advocate, one of the nation's oldest literary magazines and the oldest current publication at Harvard; and the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, which produces an annual burlesque and celebrates notable actors at its Hasty Pudding Man of the Year and Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year ceremonies. The Harvard Glee Club is the oldest college chorus in America, and the University Choir, the official choir of the Harvard Memorial Church, is the oldest choir in America affiliated with a university. The Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra, composed mainly of undergraduates, was founded in 1808 as the Pierian Sodality (thus making it technically older than the New York Philharmonic, which is the oldest professional orchestra in America), and has been performing as a symphony orchestra since the 1950s. The school also has a number of a cappella singing groups, the oldest of which is the Harvard Krokodiloes.

statue in Harvard Yard is a frequent target of pranks, hacks, and humorous decorations, such as the colorful Lei (Hawaii) shown above. It is known as the Statue of Three Lies: it's not John Harvard, he wasn't the Founder, and the date's wrong.

Harvard has a friendly rivalry with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology which dates back to 1900, when a merger of the two schools was frequently discussed and at one point officially agreed upon (ultimately canceled by Massachusetts courts). Today, the two schools cooperate as much as they compete, with many joint conferences and programs, including the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, the Harvard-MIT Data Center and the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. In addition, students at the two schools can cross-registration in undergraduate or graduate classes without any additional fees, for credits toward their own school's degrees. The relationship and proximity between the two institutions is a remarkable phenomenon, considering their stature; according to The Times Higher Education Supplement of London, "The US has the world’s top two universities by our reckoning — Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, neighbors on the Charles River." Times Higher Education Supplement World Rankings 2006

Harvard has produced many famous alumni, along with a few infamous ones. Among the best-known are political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Pierre Elliott Trudeau; philosopher Henry David Thoreau and author Ralph Waldo Emerson; poets Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot and E. E. Cummings; composer Leonard Bernstein; actor Jack Lemmon; architect Philip Johnson, ex-Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave guitarist Tom Morello, author and screenwriter Jeremy Leven, and civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois. Among its most famous current faculty members are biologists James D. Watson and E. O. Wilson, cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt, writer Louis Menand, economists Gregory Mankiw and Martin Feldstein, political philosophers Harvey Mansfield and Michael Sandel, and scholar/composers Robert Levin and Bernard Rands.

Organizations Harvard is governed by two boards, the President and Fellows of Harvard College, also known as the Harvard Corporation and founded in 1650, and the Harvard Board of Overseers. The President of Harvard University is the day-to-day administrator of Harvard and is appointed by and responsible to the Harvard Corporation.

Harvard today has nine faculties, listed below in order of foundation:

The Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences and its sub-faculty, the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, which together serve:

Harvard College, the university's undergraduate portion (1636)
The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (organized 1872)
The Harvard Division of Continuing Education, including Harvard Extension School (1909) and Harvard Summer School (1871)

The Faculty of Medicine, including the Harvard Medical School (1782) and the Harvard School of Dental Medicine (1867).
Harvard Divinity School (1816)
Harvard Law School (1817)
Harvard Business School (1908)
The Harvard Graduate School of Design (1914)
The Harvard Graduate School of Education (1920)
The Harvard School of Public Health (1922)
The Kennedy School of Government (1936)

In 1999, the former Radcliffe College was reorganized as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

Sports and athletic facilities Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC," serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held at all hours of the day, and an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC also offers personal trainers and specialty classes. The MAC is also home to Harvard volleyball, fencing, and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.

Weld Boathouse and Newell Boathouse house the women's and men's rowing teams, respectively. The men's crew also uses the Red Top complex in Ledyard, CT, as their training camp for the annual Harvard-Yale Regatta. The Bright Hockey Center hosts the Harvard hockey teams, and the Murr Center serves both as a home for Harvard's squash and tennis teams as well as a strength and conditioning center for all athletic sports.

As of 2006, there were 41 Division I intercollegiate Varsity team sports teams for women and men at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.

, home of Harvard Crimson and the Boston Cannons.

Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale University is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in their annual American Football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply Harvard-Yale football games (The Game). Yale's victory in 2006 ended a five-year winning streak for Harvard. While Harvard's American football team is no longer one of the country's best (it won the Rose Bowl Game in 1920) as it often was a century ago during football's early days, it, along with Yale University, has influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The sport eventually adopted the forward pass (invented by Yale coach Walter Camp) because of the stadium's structure. The first game of American Football is said to have been a contest between Harvard and Tufts University on June 4, 1875, at Jarvis field in Cambridge, Mass.Smith, R.A. "Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics", New York: Oxford University Press, 1988

Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames river in eastern Connecticut. As of 2006, Harvard has won on the Thames in every varsity race since 1999. The Harvard Crew is considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing (sport).

Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as ice hockey (with a strong rivalry against Cornell University), squash (sport), and even recently won the NCAA title in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003. Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football games, are "Ten Thousand Men of Harvard" and "Harvardiana" ("Fair Harvard", while musically better known outside the university, is actually the alma mater). The Harvard University Band performs these fight songs and other cheers at football and hockey games.

Harvard-Radcliffe Television has footage from historical games and athletic events including the 2005 pep-rally before the Harvard-Yale Game. Harvard's official athletics website has more comprehensive information about Harvard's athletic facilities.

Library system and museums The Harvard University Library System, centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprising over 90 individual libraries and over 15 million volumes, is considered the fourth largest library collection in the world, after the Library of Congress, the British Library, and the French Bibliothèque Nationale. (Note that the Wikipedia articles for the respective libraries seem to suggest that the Lenin Library in Moscow is considerably larger than the Bibliotheque Nationale.) Harvard describes its library as the "largest academic library in the world". However, there is some debate about what constitutes a "single" library: the University of California states that "With collections totaling more than 34 million volumes, the more than 100 libraries throughout UC are surpassed in size on the American continent only by the Library of Congress collection" ( and prides itself for being the only one of the world's five "mega-libraries" to have open stacks. Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use, with easy access and central locations. There are rare books, manuscripts and other special collections throughout Harvard's librariesSee the library portal listing of archives and special collections .; Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

Harvard operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums: *The Harvard Art Museums, including: ** The Fogg Museum of Art, with galleries featuring history of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present. Particular strengths are in Italian Early Renaissance painting, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th century French art ** The Busch-Reisinger Museum, formerly the Germanic Museum, covers central and northern European art. ** The Arthur M. Sackler Museum, which includes ancient, Asian, Islamic and later Indian art * The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere * The Semitic Museum. * The Harvard Museum of Natural History complex, including: **The Harvard University Herbaria, which contains the famous Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit **The Museum of Comparative Zoology **The Harvard Mineralogical Museum *The Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier, is home to the University's film archive and the department of Visual and Environmental Studies.

Admissions US News and World Report "America's Best Colleges 2007" ranked Harvard as the second-best undergraduate college in the United States, one point behind Princeton University.

US News and World Report listed 2006 admissions percentages of 14.3% for the school of business, 4.5% for public health, 12.5% for engineering, 11.3% for law, 14.6% for education, and 4.9% for medicine.U.S. News & World Report (2006). In 2005, only 8.9% of a record of over 22000 applicants were accepted - making it the most competitive year in history. The Best Graduate Schools 2006.. In September 2006, Harvard College announced that it would eliminate its early admissions program as of 2007, which university officials argued would lower the disadvantage that low-income and minority applicants are faced with in the competition to get into selective universities Harvard Ends Early Admission, The New York Times, By Alan Finder and Karen W. Arenson, September 12, 2006.

Campus The main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in central Cambridge and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located in Allston, Massachusetts, on the other side of the Charles River from Harvard Square. Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, Massachusetts.

Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main library of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall (Harvard University), Memorial Church, and the majority of the List of Harvard dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve Harvard College#House system, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (Harvard), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard.

Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College (and now home of the Radcliffe Institute), is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education.

Satellite facilities Apart from its major Cambridge/Allston and Longwood campuses, Harvard owns and operatesArnold Arboretum, in the Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts area of Boston;the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, D.C.; the Harvard Forest in Petersham Mass; and the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy.

Major campus expansion Throughout the past several years, Harvard has purchased large tracts of land in Allston, a short walk across the Charles River from Cambridge, with the intent of major expansion southward.http://www.allston.harvard.edu/ The university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in Allston than in Cambridge. Various proposals to connect the traditional Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram. Ambitious plans also call for sinking part of Storrow Drive (at Harvard's expense) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the Charles River, as well as the construction of bike paths, and an intently planned fabric of buildings throughout the Allston campus. The institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school, but surrounding community, pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.

One of the foremost driving forces for Harvard's pending expansion is its goal of substantially increasing the scope and strength of its science and technology programs. The university plans to construct two 500,000 square foot (50,000 m²) research complexes in Allston, which would be home to several interdisciplinary programs, including the Harvard Stem Cell Institute and an enlarged Engineering department.

In addition, Harvard intends to relocate the Harvard Graduate School of Education and the Harvard School of Public Health to Allston. The university also plans to construct several new undergraduate and graduate student housing centers in Allston, and it is considering large-scale museums and performing arts complexes as well.

History In the 17th century, Harvard University established the Indian College in order to educate Native Americans, but it was not a success and disappeared by 1693.

Between 1800 and 1870 a transformation of Harvard occurred which E. Digby BaltzellBaltzell, D. E. & Schneiderman, H. G. (1994). Judgment and Sensibility: Religion and Stratification." Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-048-1. The material cited is a review of a book by Ronald Story (1980), The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and the Boston Upper Class, 1800-1870, Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0-8195-5044-2. calls "privatization." Harvard had prospered while Federalist Party controlled state government, but "in 1824 the federalist party was finally defeated forever in Massachusetts; the triumphant Democratic-Republican Party (United States) cut off all state funds." By 1870, the "magistrates and ministers" on the Board of Overseers had been completely "replaced by Harvard alumni drawn primarily from the ranks of Boston's upper-class business and professional community" and funded by private endowment.

During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that put it into a different category from other colleges. Ronald Story notes in 1850, Harvard's total assets were "five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale.... By 1850, it was a genuine university, 'unequalled in facilities,' as a budding scholar put it by any other institution in America — the 'greatest University,' said another, 'in all creation'"Story, R. (1980). The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and the Boston Upper Class, 1800-1870. Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0-8195-5044-2 (p. 50: Harvard's explosive growth from 1800 to 1850 separate it from other colleges). Story also notes that "all the evidence... points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'"Story, R. (1980). op. cit. p. 97, (1815-1855 as the era when Harvard began to be perceived as socially advantageous). Harvard was also an early leader in admitting ethnic and religious minorities. Stephen Steinberg, author of The Ethnic Myth, noted that "a climate of intolerance prevailed in many eastern colleges long before discriminatory quotas were contemplated" and noted that "Jews tended to avoid such campuses as Yale and Princeton, which had reputations for bigotry.... under President Eliot's administration, Harvard earned a reputation as the most liberal and democratic of the Big Three, and therefore Jews did not feel that the avenue to a prestigious college was altogether closed"Steinberg, S. (2001). The Ethnic Myth. Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-4153-X. (Harvard most democratic of the Big Three under Eliot, p. 234). In 1870, one year into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, graduated from Harvard Law School.

sitting in order of when they served. L-R: Josiah Quincy III, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, James Walker (Harvard) and Cornelius Conway Felton.Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant elite — the so-called Boston Brahmin class — and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The social milieu of 1880s Harvard is depicted in Owen Wister's Philosophy 4, which contrasts the character and demeanor of two undergraduates who "had colonial names (Rogers, I think, and Schuyler)" with that of their tutor, one Oscar Maironi, whose "parents had come over in the steerage.", p. 23: "had colonial names;" p. 36, "Bertie's and Billy's parents owned town and country houses in New York. The parents of Oscar had come over in the steerage. Money filled the pockets of Bertie and Billy; therefore were their heads empty of money and full of less cramping thoughts. Oscar had fallen upon the reverse of this fate. Calculation was his second nature."

Though Harvard ended required chapel in the mid-1880s, the school remained culturally Protestant, and fears of dilution grew as enrollment of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn of the twentieth century. By 1908, Catholics made up nine percent of the freshman class, and between 1906 and 1922, Jewish enrollment at Harvard increased from six to twenty percent. In June 1922, under President Lowell, Harvard announced a Jewish quota. Other universities had done this surreptitiously. Lowell did it in a forthright way, and positioned it as means of combatting anti-Semitism, writing that "anti-Semitic feeling among the students is increasing, and it grows in proportion to the increase in the number of Jews.... when... the number of Jews was small, the race antagonism was small also." pp. 21-23; quotes full text policy announcement, explains the openness by suggesting Lowell perceived his actions to be forthright and courageous and as motivated by a wish to restrict the growth of campus anti-semitism. The social milieu of 1940s Harvard is presented in Myron Kaufman's 1957 novel, Remember Me to God, which follows the life of a Jewish undergraduate as he attempts to navigate the shoals of casual anti-Semitism, be recognized as a "gentleman," and be accepted into "The Pudding." Indeed, Harvard's discriminatory policies, both tacit and explicit, were partly responsible for the founding of Boston College in 1863 and Brandeis University in nearby Waltham in 1948.Levenson, Michael (2006), "Brandeis pulls artwork...." The Boston Globe, May 3, 2006:"Brandeis, a nonsectarian institution, was founded in 1948, by American Jews seeking to establish a university free from the quotas that Jews faced at elite colleges."

Policies of exclusion were not limited to religious minorities. In 1920, "Harvard University maliciously persecuted and harassed" those it believed to be gay via a "Secret Court of 1920 (Harvard)" led by Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell. Summoned at the behest of a wealthy alumnus, the inquistions and expulsions carried out by this tribunal, in conjunction with the "vindictive tenacity of the university in ensuring that the stigmatization of the expelled students would persist throughout their productive lives" led to two suicides. Harvard President Lawrence Summers characterized the 1920 episode as "part of a past that we have rightly left behind", and "abhorrent and an affront to the values of our university".William Wright (author) (2005). Harvard's Secret Court: The Savage 1920 Purge of Campus Homosexuals, St. Martin's Press, New York. ISBN 0-312-32271-2. Yet as late as the 1950s, Wilbur Bender, then the dean of admissions for Harvard College, was seeking better ways to "detect homosexual tendencies and serious psychiatric problems” in prospective studentsMalcolm Gladwell. (2005). Getting In. The New Yorker, October 10 2005.

During the twentieth century, Harvard's international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States.

In the decades immediately after the Second World War, Harvard reformed its admissions policies as it sought students from a more diverse college application pool. Whereas Harvard undergraduates had almost exclusively been white, upper-class alumni of select New England "feeder schools" such as Phillips Exeter and Phillips Academy, increasing numbers of international, minority, and working-class students had, by the late 1960s, altered the ethnic and socio-economic makeup of the collegeMalka A. Older. (1996). Preparatory schools and the admissions process. The Harvard Crimson, January 24 1996. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at RadcliffeAssociated Press. (2004). In first, Harvard admits more women than men as undergraduates. The Boston Globe, April 1 2004. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-war period.

Today, Harvard is considered one of the premier centers of higher learning in the world. Despite periods of reactionary sentiment in the past, the politics of Harvard's affiliates, in line with most of American academia, are generally Liberalism in the United States (center-left): Richard Nixon famously attacked it as the "Moscow Kremlin on the Charles River". In 2004 U.S. presidential election, the Harvard Crimson found that Harvard undergraduates favored John Kerry over George W. Bush by 73% to 19%, consistent with Kerry's margin in major eastern cities such as Boston and New York CityO'Brien, R. D. (2004). Kerry Tops Crimson Poll. The Harvard Crimson, October 29 2004..While Harvard has sometimes been criticized as elitist and "hostile to progressive intellectuals" (#Trumpbour), there have been both prominent conservatives and liberals who have attended the school. President George W. Bush graduated from the Harvard Business School while John F. Kennedy and Al Gore graduated from Harvard College. Today, there are both prominent conservative and prominent liberal voices among the faculty of the various schools, such as Martin Feldstein, Greg Mankiw and Alan Dershowitz.

Recent developments ornate tower was rebuilt in 1999

Drew Gilpin Faust is the 28th president of Harvard. An United States historian, dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and Lincoln Professor of History at Harvard University, Faust is the first female president in the university's history. "Faust Expected To Be Named President This Weekend," The Harvard Crimson, 8 February 2007 "Harvard names Drew Faust as its 28th president," Office of News and Public Affairs, 11 February 2007

On February 21, 2006, president Lawrence Summers announced his intention to resign the presidency, effective June 30, 2006. His resignation came just one week before a second planned vote of no confidence by the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Former president Derek Bok served as interim president. Members of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, which instructs graduate students in GSAS and undergraduates in Harvard College, had passed an earlier motion of "lack of confidence" in Summers' leadership on March 15, 2005 by a 218-185 vote, with 18 abstentions. The 2005 motion was precipitated by comments about the causes of gender demographics in academia made at a closed academic conference and leaked to the press.Bombardieri, M. (2005). Summers' remarks on women draw fire. The Boston Globe, January 17 2005. In response, Summers convened two committees to study this issue: the Task Force on Women Faculty and the Task Force on Women in Science and Engineering. Summers had also pledged $50 million to support their recommendations and other proposed reforms.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Harvard, along with numerous other institutions of higher education across the United States and Canada, offered to take in students who were unable to attend universities and colleges that were closed for the fall semester. Twenty-five students were admitted to the College, and the Harvard Law School made similar arrangements. Tuition was not charged and housing was provided.

In February 2007, the Harvard Corporation and Overseers formally approved the Harvard Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences to become the 14th School of Harvard (Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences). In his April letter Dean of Faculty of Arts and Sciences Jeremy Knowles said, "most of the net growth in the next few years will be in the sciences and engineering." "Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,", February 2007 "Dean's Letter on Growth and Renewal of the faculty,", April 2007

In 2005 Harvard received a large donation from House of Saud Prince Alwaleed bin Talal for the development of research programs in Islamic studies. Saudi Gives $20 Million to Georgetown & Harvard Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal donates $20 million to support the Harvard University Islamic Studies Program The acceptance by Harvard and other universities of this and comparable donations has drawn criticism from some commentators and accusations that the donations are used to spread pro-Saudi propaganda. Saudi in the Classroom The Saudi Fifth Column On Our Nation's Campuses

Notable student organizations A longer list of Harvard student groups can be found under Harvard College.

The Harvard Crimson, one of the nation's oldest daily college newspapers. Founded in 1873, it counts among its many editors numerous Pulitzer Prize winners and two U.S. Presidents, John F. Kennedy and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The Harvard International Review, one of the most widely-distributed undergraduate journals in the world with 35,000 readers in more than 70 countries. The HIR regularly features prominent scholars and policymakers from around the globe.
The Harvard Lampoon, an undergraduate humor organization and publication founded in 1876 and rival to the Harvard Crimson. The erratically produced magazine was originally modelled on the former British satirical periodical Punch, and has outlived it to become the world's second-oldest humor magazine (after the The Yale Record). Conan O'Brien was president of the Lampoon for two of the four years he attended. The National Lampoon was founded as an offshoot in 1970 from the Harvard publication.

"castle" with its characteristic rooftop ibis and its purple and yellow door

The The Harvard Advocate (Founded 1866), the oldest college literary publication in the country. Past members include T. S. Eliot and Theodore Roosevelt.
The Harvard Salient is the campus's biweekly conservative magazine, whose past editors include many prominent conservative thinkers and journalists.
The Harvard Glee Club (Founded 1858), the oldest college choir in the country, and the Harvard University Choir, the oldest university-affiliated choir in the country, as well as the Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra (Founded 1808), which is technically older than the New York Philharmonic, though it has only been a symphony orchestra for about half of its existence. The Bach Society Orchestra of Harvard University is also known for being a premier chamber orchestra that is staffed, managed, and conducted entirely by students.
The Hasty Pudding Theatricals (Founded 1844), a theatrical society known for its burlesque musical theatre and annual "Hasty Pudding Man of the Year" and "Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year" ceremonies; past members include Alan Jay Lerner, Jack Lemmon, J.P. Morgan, and Mo Rocca.
WHRB (95.3FM Cambridge), the campus radio station, run exclusively by Harvard students, and given space on the Harvard campus in the basement of Pennypacker Hall, a freshman dorm. Known throughout the Boston, Massachusetts metropolitan area for its classical, jazz, underground rock and blues programming, during finals period, WHRB goes into "Orgy" format, where the entire catalog of a certain band, record, or artist is played in sequence.
The Harvard Institute of Politics, a living memorial to John F. Kennedy that promotes public service among undergraduates.
The Phillips Brooks House Association (PBHA), a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization serves as the umbrella organization for 78 community service and social change programs at Harvard. PBHA has 1600 volunteers which serve over 10,000 people in the greater Boston area. Notable alumni include Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Roger Nash Baldwin, Robert Coles, and David Souter.
Harvard Student Agencies "Harvard Student Agencies, Inc." is the largest partially student-run corporation in the world with revenues of $6 million "Harvard Student Agencies, About Us".
Harvard Model Congress, the nation's oldest and largest congressional simulation conference, provides thousands of high school students from across the U.S. and abroad with the opportunity to experience American government first-hand.
Harvard National Model United Nations, the longest running college-level Model United Nations simulation in the world and among the largest in the United States.
The Harvard Lodge A.F. & A.M. (Founded 1922), is the first academic Masonic Lodge in the world. The Lodge was founded primarily through the efforts of both Roscoe Pound, Dean of Harvard Law School; and Kirsopp Lake a Professor of the Harvard Divinity School.
The Harvard Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations, founded in 1981, acts an umbrella organization for all cultural groups on campus. It seeks to create awareness about diversity at Harvard and facilitates intercultural and interracial dialogue and relations.
Canaveral Club started by the 1890 graduating class of Harvard University. A gun and hunting club at Cape Canaveral founded by C.B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed.

Historic events Notable people Seventy-five Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the university. Since 1974, nineteen Nobel Prize winners and fifteen winners of the American literary award, the Pulitzer Prize, have served on the Harvard faculty.

List of Harvard University people
President of Harvard University#Presidents of Harvard
Notable non-graduate alumni of Harvard

Harvard in fiction and popular culture Harvard's central place in United States elite circles has made it the setting for many novels, plays, films and other cultural works.

Love Story (1970 film), by Harvard alumnus (and Yale professor) Erich Segal, the much-beloved and also much-ridiculed tear jerker of the 1970s, concerns a romance between a Harvard student and a Radcliffe student. The novel is deeply imbued with local color.Rogers, M. F. (1991). Novels, Novelists, and Readers: Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature. SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-0603-2. A current Harvard tradition is the annual showing of the film Love Story to incoming freshmen, during which the film is openly mocked by the Crimson Key Society, a tour-giving organization on campus.

Though Harvard has been featured in many U.S. films, including Stealing Harvard, Legally Blonde, The Firm (1993 film), The Paper Chase, Good Will Hunting, With Honors, How High, Soul Man, and

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